Question
NAME: Menstrual and Ovarian Cycle Questions
1. What is the general purpose of FSH? Essehal to pubertal developement and the function of womens Ovaries and men’s test
2. During which days of the cycle does the level of FSH gradually decrease? a. During this period, what is happening to the follicle(s)?
3. What does the dominant follicle produce in large amounts that is secreted into the plasma? a. What affect does this secretion have on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?
4. On which day is the level of LH in the bloodstream at its highest? a. What event occurs just after the level of LH peaks in the bloodstream?
5. Estrogen levels gradually rise during days 16-22. What structure is secreting estrogen?
6. How does estrogen impact the endometr um?
7. During which days of the cycle does the level of progesterone increase significantly? a. Which structure releases progesterone?
8. When the uterine lining is at its thickest, which hormone is the most elevated?
9. If both estrogen and progesterone are elevated, how does these affect FSH and LH levels?
10. During which days of the cycle are the levels of estrogen and progesterone at their lowest? a. What is the phase called? b. What is happening to the stratum functionalis during this phase? c. What is happening to the stratum basalis during this phase? d. Why did estrogen and progesterone levels decrease? (what happened to the structure that secretes these hormones)
11. If a patient is taking an oral contraceptive, containing both progesterone and estrogen, explain how this prevents pregnancy?
12. It is common for oral contraceptives to be taken for 3 weeks and pills containing no hormone (or no pills are taken at all) during the 4th week. What effect does this fourth week have on the female’s endometrium?
13. If a woman has a 35 day cycle, which day will she ovulate?
Answer
1). FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) plays a key role in sexual development and functioning.
In it helps in controlling the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.
In men it stimulates and controls sperm production.
FSH level fluctuates throughout the menstrual cycle in women whereas there is not much variation in FSH level in men.
2). FSH levels are low during luteal phase (occurs after ovulation and before menstruation starts) of menstrual inorder to prevent new follicles from maturing.
Once menses ensues, FSH levels begin to decline due to the negative feedback of estrogen and the negative effects of inhibin B produced by the developing follicle
a). During decreased FSH conditions ovarian follicles do not grow properly and thus no egg is released.
3). A dominant ovarian follicle refers to the follicle that enlarges to release an ovum during a menstural cycle.
Dominant follicle secretes estrogen that excerts negative feedback on FSH thus ‘turning off’ neighbouring follicle.
a). Increasing levels of oestrogen inhibit pituitary production of FSH. But LH release is not inhibited estrogen serve as a positive feedback to promote LH release. Increased LH release results in ovulation.
Oestrogen has many effects on hypothalamus. It has negative feedback on gonadotrophin hormones. It regulates many homeostatic functions including reproduction, stress, temperature . It also activates hypothalamic nuroendocrine and autonomic cellular groups to activate multiple signaling pathways.
4). Around the 14th day of the cycle level ofLH will be high in the bloodstream.
a). Maximum level of LH in the mid cycle is termed as LH surge, it results in rupture of graffian follicle and thus release of ovum (ovulation).
5). Oestrogen is produced by ovarian follicles during the reproductive cycle.
6). Impact of oestrogen on endometrium is that it induces mucosal proliferation during proliferative phase and Progesterone receptor synthesis which prepares endometrium for the secretory phase.
The induction of changes in endometrium by estrogen and progesterone are required for successful implantation and pregnancy.
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